Here are some really funny love quotes from famous authors. I particularly like a quote by Woody Allen: I was nauseous and tingly all over... I was either in love or I had smallpox. Find below the top 10 collection of really funny love quotes. I promise you, this page will leave you smiling.
1) Melanie Griffith
There is a place you can touch a woman that will drive her crazy. Her heart.
2) Anonymous
Love is grand; divorce is a hundred grand.
3) Woody Allen
I was nauseous and tingly all over. I was either in love or I had smallpox.
4) Woody Allen
The last time I was inside a woman was when I went to the Statue of Liberty.
5) Freud
The great question... which I have not been able to answer... is, "What... does a woman want?"
6) Samuel Johnson
Marriage is the triumph of imagination over intelligence. Second marriage is the triumph of hope over experience.
7) Woody Allen
To love is to suffer. To avoid suffering one must not love. But then one suffers from not loving. Therefore to love is to suffer, not to love is to suffer. To suffer is to suffer. To be happy is to love. To be happy then is to suffer. But suffering makes one unhappy. Therefore, to be unhappy one must love, or love to suffer, or suffer from too much happiness. I hope you're getting this down.
8) Agatha Christie
An archeologist is the best husband any woman can have; the older she gets, the more interested he is in her.
9) Albert Einstein
Gravitation can not be held responsible for people falling in love.
10) Melanie Clark
You can't put a price tag on love, but you can on all its accessories.
Mark Twain, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Mother Teresa, Kahlil Gibran... What do these people have in common? Well, for one, they are celebrated people who reformed our society in more than one ways. There is another common factor. They eloquently articulated their feelings about love. On this page, I have prepared an exclusive collection of top 10 famous quotes from famous people.
1) Mark Twain
2) Ralph Waldo Emerson
3) Mother Teresa
4) Aristotle
5) Helen Keller
6) Roy Croft
7) Ingrid Bergmen
8) Rabrindranath Tagore
9) Sir Winston Churchill
10) Kahlil Gibran
There is love in the air, here there and everywhere. Well, how was that for a first shot at poetry writing. Well, love quotes have been my favorite types of quotes. But, as a regular visitor to this site, you would already know that. Here is yet another collection of love quotes. This time, I present classic love quotes, i.e., love quotes by famous writers and poets of the past century. If you want me to include your favorite classic love quote on this site, please fill out the quotation suggestion form.
Classic Love Quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson
All mankind love a lover.
Classic Love Quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Thou art to me a delicious torment.
Classic Love Quote by Alexander Pope
For love deceives the best of womankind.
Classic Love Quote by Alexander Pope
And seem to walk on wings, and tread in air.
Classic Love Quote by Walt Whitman
I will write the evangel-poem of comrades and of love.
Classic Love Quote by Edgar Allan Poe
Years of love have been forgot, In the hatred of a minute.
Classic Love Quote by Edgar Allan Poe
This maiden she lived with no other thought, Than to love and be loved by me.
Classic Love Quote by John Keats
Love in a hut, with water and a crust, Is - Love, forgive us! - cinders, ashes, dust.
Classic Love Quote by Alexander Pope
Love seldom haunts the breast where learning lies, And Venus sets ere Mercury can rise.
Classic Love Quote by Alexander Pope
Curse on all laws but those which love has made! Love, free as air at sight of human ties, Spreads his light wings, and in a moment flies.
Classic Love Quote by Edgar Allan Poe
And all my days are trances, And all my nightly dreams, Are where thy dark eye glances, And where thy footstep gleams - In what ethereal dances, By what eternal streams.
Classic Love Quote by Robert Browning
For life, with all it yields of joy and woe, And hope and fear (believe the aged friend), Is just our chance o' the prize of learning love - How love might be, hath been indeed, and is.
Classic Love Quote by William Wordsworth
Mightier far, Than strength of nerve or sinew, or the sway, Of magic potent over sun and star, Is Love, though oft to agony distrest, And though his favorite seat be feeble woman's breast.
Words cannot express the grief one feels about lost love. Then again, wise words can heal wounds and help us reflect on the tragedy. If you have undergone a personal loss - the loss of love or a loved one - you will find this list of lost love quotes very relevant. Read the best quotes on lost love by famous authors like Samuel Butler, Kahlil Gibran, Socrates, and many more.
1) Washington Irving
2) Otomo No Yakamochi
3) Anonymous
4) Jean Anouilh
5) Alfred Lord Tennyson
6) Kahlil Gibran
7) Margaret Mitchell
8) G. K. Chesterton
9) Samuel Butler
10) Socrates
نام تو 
اينجا شعر آغاز مي شود
كه با نام تو تمام شود
اين پروانه از كجا پيدا شد ؟
اينجا ادامه مي يابد
اين پروانه ها چه مي خواهند ؟
اينجا مي خواهد تمام شود
ولي آنقدر پروانه روي كاغذ نشسته است
كه نمي شود نام تو را نوشت ...
The One
When he says he loves you and doesn’t change his way
When he knows you beyond what you portray
When he loves you more than what he would convey
And…
If he admires you when you are not aware
If he is the one to think of at times of despair
If he gives you more than what you prepare
Then he must be the one… here, there and ever after
Forgiveness
please be happy, the reason that I’m in your life is your happiness, I'm here to make you satisfied, if you are not happy , why .......... ? Please be happy.
That’s the only thing that I need. Please be happy.
Jean Paul Richter:
Humanity is never so beautiful as when praying for forgiveness, or else forgiving another.
Unknown
Don't cry because it’s over, smile because it happened.
I used to ...........
I realise now I was wrong
'Cause every time I see your face
My mind becomes an empty space
And with you lying next to me
Feels Like I can hardly breathe
I close my eyes
The moment I surrender to you
Let love be blind
Innocent and tenderly true
So lead me through tonight
But please turn out the light
'Cause I'm lost every time I look at you
And in the morning when you go
Wake me gently so I'll know
That loving you was not a dream
And whisper softly what it means to be with me
Then every moment we're apart
Will be a lifetime to my heart
I close my eyes
The moment I surrender to you
Let love be blind
Innocent and tenderly true
So lead me through tonight
But please, please turn out the light
'Cause I'm lost every time I look at you
Lost. Every time I look at you
By : IL Divo
Loving you .......
There are too many reasons why I love you…
The little things you do, the simple words that you say, the feelings and thoughts that you bring to my life.
I adore your eyes, your face your smile.
There are so many things to love about you!
Do you know I love it when you say my name?
Do you know I love the way that you walk?
Do you know that I love the way that skin smells?
Do you know I love to watch you when you are doing something?
I like to see you for more than my life.
I like you to know that I love you - and how much I love you. do you know how much ? if you don’t know , ask me. I might not be able to say, but I can show it to you.
One day, I will see you while sun is rising and then we will see which one is nicer? you or sun. But I know the answer. Something from the bottom of my heart is whispering "defiantly you".....
.... a great Friend
I have never experienced before, it seems that a part of me is living out of my body.
I want to tell you that every time that I see you, I feel safe and sound. No matter how many times, every time I look at your eyes, I fall in love.
Even when I’m with you, I miss you. No matter how long it will take to see you, I’m always waiting for you.
When I see you, I really do not need sun and moon. Every night I’m watching your glamorous face, and everyday I’m seeing your shiny eyes.
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زبان وسیله ی بیان تفکر است و غالباً برای انتقال فکر کسی به دیگری به کار میرود. این انتقال ممکن است به وسیله ی گفتن، نوشتن، اشاره و یا لمس انجام شود. پس هر چه وسیله ی انتقال فکر، یعنی زبان، از طرفی ساده و از طرف دیگر دقیق تر باشد، عمل انتقال فکر دقیق تر و راحت تر صورت خواهد گرفت.
انواع زبان زبان از لحاظ ارزش ادبی به سه قسمت میشود: 1- زبان ادبی: که زبان شاعران و نویسندگان است و در آن هنرنمایی های ادبی بسیار به کار میرود. نظم و نثر قدیم فارسی نمونه ی درخشانی از زبان ادبی است. 2- زبان گفتگو: که زبان صحبت افراد تحصیل کرده است و اگر چه فاقد هنرنمایی های ادبی است، ولی باید در حال سادگی بی غلط باشد. در زبان گفتگو همیشه صرفه جویی به کار میرود. نویسندگان معمولاً در نوشتن زبان ادبی به کار میبرند و در صحبت زبان گفتگو. 3- زبان عامیانه: که زبان مردم تحصیل نکرده و عامی است و شامل لغتهای غلط یا نیمه غلطی است که در دو زبان دیگر نباید دیده شود، علاوه بر این دارای غلط های صرفی و نحوی نیز هست. گاه در زبان عامیانه لغات بسیار اصییل نیز یافت میشود که باید آنها را با به کار بردن ادبی زنده کرد.
طبقه بندی زبان های جهان زبان شناسان زبان های جهان را به سه دسته ی زیر تقسیم کرده اند:
1- زبان های یک هجائی (تک هجایی) در این زبان ها کلمات فقط از یک هجای تغییر ناپذیر درست شده اند. یعنی نه ریشه ی کلمه تغییر میکند و نه بدان پیشوند یا پسوندی متصل می شود. این زبان ها در حالت ابتدایی باقی مانده اند، مثل: زبان های چینی، تبتی و سیامی 2- زبان های التصاقی (پیوندی) در این زبان ها کلمات از یک یا چند هجای تغییرناپذیر درست شده اند، ولی میتواند به هم بچسبند یا پیشوند و پسوندی بگیرند تا معنی نوی به دست آید، مثل: زبان های فنلاندی، ترکی، مغولی، تاتاری، ژاپنی و کره ای 3- زبان های منصرف (صرفی) در این زبان ها کلمات از یک یا چند هجای تغییرپذیر درست شده اند. یعنی ریشه ی کلمه ها برعکس زبان های بالا تغییر می کند و به صورت های مختلف درمیاید. علاوه بر این پیوند پیشوند و پسوند با کلمه ها در این زبان ها فراوان است. زبان های مهم دنیا از این نوعند، مثل زبان های هندی، ایرانی، یونانی، لاتین، ژرمنی، اسلاوی، ارمنی و سامی
الف- زبان های هندی و اروپاای 1- زبان های هندی: سانسکریت، ودا، ... 2- زبان های ایرانی: پارسی باستان (پارسی کهن – فرس قدیم)، اوستایی، پهلوی (زبان ساسانیان)، پارتی (زبان اشکانیان)، دری، سُغدی، خوارزمی، سکایی، ... پارسی باستان با زبان اوستاای و سانسکرت از یک ریشه اند. اوستا زبانی است که برای نوشتن اوستا کتاب دینی زردشتیان ایران باستان به کار رفته است، به این سبب آن را زبان اوستاای نامند. پارسی باستان و اوستا فرزندان یک پدرند. زبان های هند و ایرانی یکی از مهم ترین شاخه های زبان هند و اروپاای است و آریاای نامیده میشوند. 3- زبان یونانی 4- زبان لاتین زبان لاتین زبان رومیان قدیم بوده است که امروزه جزو زبان های مرده ی دنیا محسوب میشود. زبان های زیر مشتق از زبان لاتین هستند: فرانسه، ایتالیایی، اسپانیایی، پرتقالی و رومانی. 5- زبان های ژرمنی: آلمانی، انگلیسی، هلندی، سوئدی، نروژی، ... 6- زبان های اسلاوی: روسی، چکی، لهستانی، ...
ب- زبان های سامی زبان های سامی عبارتند از: عربی، عبری، آشوری، فینیقی، کلدانی، سریانی، ... زبان های سامی بالا با چند زبان نزدیک به آنها در شاخه ی بزرگ تری بنام زبان های سامی و حامی قرار می گیرند.
زبان فارسی فارسی زبانی است که در ایران، افغانستان، تاجیکستان، قسمتی از هندوستان، ترکستان، قفقاز و عراق بدان صحبت می کنند. زبان فارسی به جا مانده ی زبان های قدیمی ایران است. این زبان ها عبارتند از: 1- فارسی باستان فارسی باستان (پارسی کهن) زبانی است که در زمان هخامنشیان بدان صحبت کرده اند و سنگ نبشته های بیستون، الوند و تخت جمشید بدان زبان است. خط این زبان را میخی نامند، زیرا شبیه به میخ است و از چپ به راست نوشته می شده است. 2- فارسی میانه فارسی میانه که آن را پهلوی هم می خوانند، به خصوص در زمان اشکانیان معمول بوده است و به دو قسمت می شود، یکی پهلوی اشکانی (پارتی) و دیگری پهلوی ساسانی. خط این زبان را نیز پهلوی نامند. پهلوی در شمال شرق ایران معمول بوده است و از راست به چپ نوشته می شده. 3- فارسی دری فارسی دری در زمان ساسانیان در مشرق و جنوب ایران به خصوص در پایتخت آنان مدائن معمول بوده است و پس از ورود اسلام به ایران به تدریج تغییراتی در آن داده شده است و به صورت زبان بعد از اسلام ایران در آمده و از نیمه دوم قرن سوم هجری تا به حال ادامه دارد. چندی پس از ورود اسلام به ایران کم کم لغت های عربی به مقدار کم وارد زبان فارسی شدند، چنان که در قدیمی ترین کتاب های فارسی تعداد لغت های عربی از پنج درصد تجاوز نمی کند. ولی در دوره های بعد نویسندگان فارسی لغت های عربی فراوانی وارد زبان فارسی کردند، به حدی که در دوره های بعد در بعضی از کتاب های قدیمی تعداد آنها به بیش از شصد درصد رسید. فارسی دری با اختلافات کمی همان زبان فرس قدیم و میانه است ولی خط بعللی که مهم تر از همه ارتباط با مذهب می باشد هنوز عربی است. به عبارت دیگر همان خصوصیاتی که در نوشتن یک آیه از قرآن کریم یا یک جمله عربی به کار می رود ما در نوشتن یک شعر یا یک جمله فارسی نیز بکار می بریم: 1- از راست به چپ می نویسیم. 2- متصل و منفصل است. 3- هر حرف نماینده چند صدا است. 4- حروف آن بعضی نقطه دار و بعضی بی نقطه است.
تعریف دستور زبان، صرف و نحو در زبان فارسی دانشی که به ما راه درست گفتن و درست نوشتن را می آموزد در زبان ما بنام دستور معروف شده است. صرف (تجزیه)در زبان فارسی عبارت از شناخت نوع واژه بدون در نظر گرفتن آن در جمله است. یعنی تقسیم کلمه ها را بنابر نوع آنها در فارسی دستور صرفی نامند. نحو (ترکیب)در زبان فارسی عبارت از شناخت عمل واژه ها در جمله و رابطه آنها با هم است و این را دستور نحوی نامند. بنابر این فایده آموختن دستور زبان درست گفتن و درست نوشتن است و غرض از تعلیم و تعلم آن رسیدن به این مقصود است.
کلام، جمله، کلمه، هجا، حرف آنچه بدان مقصود خود را بیان می کنند کلام نام دارد. کلام از جمله و جمله از کلمه و کلمه از هجا، و هجا از حرف درست شده است. از مجموع دو یا سه حرف، هجا درست می شود و از مجموع دو یا چند هجا، کلمه، مثلاً کلمه ی مردم دارای دو هجا است (مر+دم) و کلمه ی دانشگاه دارای سه هجا است (دا+نش+گاه). کلمه دارای معنی است مانند: خانه، ولی حرف هرگز معنی ندارد مانند: ج، ش و ک. از مجموع کلمه جمله درست می شود (که همیشه باید با معنی باشد) و از مجموع جمله کلام.
حرف های زبان فارسی زبان فارسی دارای سی و دو حرف زیر است: ا، ب، پ، ت، ث، ج، چ، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ه، ی
پس از چندی از ورود اسلام به ایران، زبان فارسی را به خط عربی نوشتند. به این سبب الفبای عربی را برای نوشتن خط فارسی به کار بردند. برای این چهار حرف فارسی پ، چ، ژ، گ حرف های مشابه عربی را با کمی تغییر به کار برده اند. پس در هر کلمه ای که یکی از چهار حرف بالا به کار رفته باشد، آن کلمه عربی نیست. مثال: پسر، چشم، ژاله و گرگ
هشت حرف ث، ح، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، ق ویژه زبان عربی است. مثال: ثلث، حسن، صاحب، ضربه، طلب، ظهر، علی و قلم پس هر کلمه ای که با این حرفها نوشته شود، یا عربی است یا فارسی تغییر یافته.
و باقی بیست حروف بالا که با رنگ سبز مشخص شده اند بین دو زبان مشترک می باشند.
بعضی از کلمه های فارسی را با حرف های عربی نوشته اند. مثال: صد، شصت، غلطیدن، طپیدن، طپانچه، ... که فارسی آنها به صورت زیر است: سد، شَست، غلتیدن، تپیدن، طپانچه، ...
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2. Did you have a good weekend?
4. I would like to make a reservation.
5. Can you tell me how to get to the downtown area?
6. Do you know where I should get off?
7. How long can I have these books checked out?
8. Can you tell me how long it takes to mail something to China?
http://www.nasponline.org/NEAT/oneyearlater_adol.html
http://www.gmu.edu/gmu/personal/time.html
http://www.ohiolink.edu/help/tips-students.html
http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/Timetips.htm
http://www.adprima.com/studytips.htm
Cooking for Students
By John Olaveson, 1B Civil
Well now. This article will be a pleasure to write. You see, I love to cook. Not only that, I love to invent new recipes and then tell everyone about them. There is one recipe that will stay mine forever. To experience it, you must become my friend or be my family.
Now, to get down to business. Cooking for oneself is not as arduous and traumatizing as one may think. A good, tasty, healthy meal can be prepared in a short amount of time. And a good meal doesn’t have to cost enough to blow your budget.
When preparing meals, there are a few rules to keep in mind. Simplicity is one. There’s no use throwing lots of strange ingredients and spices into a meal just to see what it will be like. Unless you’re at your parents’ house or your friend’s place, that is. No use risking your own food supplies now is there? And simple is cheaper, because you don’t need to buy (or preserve) as much food.
Rule two is to buy things only when they’re in season and avoid luxuries. Sure, a t-bone steak tastes really good when done on the barbecue, but steak is expensive. Save that for when your parents take you out to a fancy restaurant, like the Keg. In the summer, corn-on-the-cob is plentiful. Anywhere outside the borders of urbanization (and sometimes within) you can find fresh corn stands with very reasonable prices. Do not buy fresh corn in the winter!!! It will cost at least three times as much as summer corn. Buy lots in the summer and then save it in the freezer if you must, but don’t buy winter corn.
Accessorize your dishes. You don’t need to have bland Kraft Dinner all the time. Add some veggies, perhaps some peas or carrots or mushrooms. Make it like a pizza. Toss some sausage in there, or some bacon (if that’s not out of your price range, either), or vegetables. Spices are a good additive to food, as well. A twist of lemon can turn your salad into something different and more palatable. Curry is one of my favourites. It goes on eggs, pasta, pizza, chili, and lots of other stuff (opportunity-permitting).
Here are a few tips to staying healthy through food. Don’t eat fast food. Grease in moderation won’t hurt you, but a meal that’s at least half grease will certainly clog some arteries. Keep your diet in balance. Meat is all well and good (especially for those carnivorous men out there; girls, you know who I’m talking about), but meat by itself ain’t so great. Add those forgotten veggies. There are lots out there to choose from. Entire walls of supermarkets are taken up just for veggies. Then there’s the fruits. Juicy, sweet fruit. Again, the choices are many. Apples, bananas, and oranges are the three basics. Berries, melons, and all the other miscellaneous fruits also taste great. There’s nothing like juicy cantaloupe in the morning, or strawberries and bananas on cereal.
Grains are essential, too, but don’t go overboard. Sure toast is easy to make, but it tastes much better with jam or honey or something else on it (even a little butter). Pastas of all kinds are available, easy to make and easy to serve. Heat some sauce, grate some cheese, or just dash on some spices! A great treat for a pasta-lover like me. The quickest recipe I’ve got for pasta I have is this; cook some pasta, add a little butter to prevent sticking, then add curry and garlic until you have enough to meet your desires. As simple as that.
A few wonderful, nutritious, and easy dishes are the following; chicken caesar salad, spaghetti with tomato sauce, a sandwich (don’t forget lettuce and/or tomatoes). I like to stick to what I know, so my personal list is not so long. But I’m sure that all you intelligent readers can think of stuff to whip up to meet your dinner-time cravings.
Cooking for yourself isn’t so hard. Just maintain the balance (oh, I forgot all about dairy!) and you’ll do fine. And if you’re a few minutes late to lecture, at least you’ll have had a good home-cooked meal. Where do you think chefs learned how to cook, anyway? Certainly not in class.
A word for the future. When you can afford to waste a few supplies with an unsuccessful attempt at a meal, then be creative! Add those crazy things together! And if you make a good meal, you can name it after yourself and sell it to someone. Or be like me and just keep it for yourself. Some things are better to be treasured, like a fine bottle of wine.
Copyright © 2003 The Iron Warrior
Interaction
English through reading
Understanding ideas
دستور و نگارش ۱ و ۲ کتب پیشنهادی :
Communicate what you mean
Modern English 1 /2
مهارتهای مطالعه کتب پبشنهادی :
Study Skills . Samt publication
روش تدریس زبان کتب پیشنهادی :
Techniques in teaching . Larsen Freeman
نیمسال اول
۱ . خواندن (۱) ۴ واحد درک مفاهیم پیش ۲ واحد
۲ . دستور نگارش (۱) ۴ واحد دستور نگارش پیش ۲ واحد
۳ . گفت و شنود (۱) ۴ واحد گفت و شنود پیش ۲ واحد
(دروس زبان پیش ۲ واحد / فارسی پیش ۲ واحد و فارسی عمومی ۳ واحد در صورت لزوم با توجه به نمره کنکور دانشجو ارائه می گردد )
نیمسال دوم
۴ . خواندن (۲) ۴ واحد ۱
۵ . دستور نگارش (۲) ۴ واحد ۲
۶ . گفت و شنود (۲) ۴ واحد ۳
۷ . فنون یادگیری ۲ واحد -
نیمسال سوم
۸ . خواندن (۳) ۴ واحد ۴
۹ . نگارش پیشرفته ۲ واحد ۵
۱۰ . بیان شفاهی داستان (۱) ۲ واحد ۴-۵-۶
۱۱ . درآمدی برادبیات (۱) ۲ واحد ۴-۵-۶
۱۲ . نمونه های شعر ساده ۲ واحد ۴
۱۳ . آواشناسی ۲ واحد ۱-۲-۳
۱۴ . اصول و روش ترجمه ۲ واحد ۴-۵
نیمسال چهارم
۱۵ . درآمدی بر ادبیات (۲) ۲ واحد ۱۱
۱۶ . خواندن متون مطبوعاتی ۲ واحد ۸
۱۷ . فرانسه (۱) ۳ واحد ۵-۶-۸
۱۸ . کلیات زباشناسی (۱) ۲ واحد ۴-۵
۱۹ . نمونه های نثر ساده ۲ واحد ۵-۶-۸
۲۰ . ترجمه متون ساده ۲ واحد ۱۴
۲۱ . بیان شفاهی داستان (۲) ۱۰
نیمسال پنجم
۲۲ . کلیات زبانشناسی (۲) ۲ واحد ۱۸
۲۳ . مقاله نویسی ۲ واحد ۹
۲۴ . متون برگزیده نثر ادبی ۲ واحد ۱۵
۲۵ . فرانسه (۲) ۳ واحد ۱۷
۲۶ . فنون و صنایع ادبی ۲ واحد ۵-۶-۸
۲۷ . کاربرد اصطلاحات در ترجمه ۲ واحد ۱۴
۲۸ . نامه نگاری انگلیسی ۲ واحد ۵-۶-۸
نیمسال ششم
۲۹ . فرانسه (۳) ۳ واحد ۲۵
۳۰ . اصول و روش نقد ادبی (۱) ۲ واحد ۲۶-۱۱
۳۱ . روش تدریس زبان انگلیسی ۴ واحد ۲۲
۳۲ . ترجمه متون ادبی (۱) ۲ واحد ۲۷-۲۰
۳۳ . سیری در تاریخ ادبیات (۱) ۴ واحد ۵-۶-۸
۳۴ . نمایشنامه (۱) ۲ واحد ۱۱
نیمسال هفتم
۳۵ . بررسی آثار ترجمه شده اسلامی (۱) ۲ واحد ۲۰-۲۷
۳۶ . اصول و روش نقد ادبی (۲) ۲ واحد ۳۰
۳۷ . آزمون سازی ۲ واحد ۳۱
۳۸ . نمایشنامه (۲) ۲ واحد ۳۴
۳۹ . ترجمه ادبی (۲) ۲ واحد ۳۲
۴۰ . اصول و روش تحقیق (۱) ۲ واحد ۲۲-۱۵
۴۱ . آشنایی با رمان (۱) ۲ واحد ۱۱
۴۲ . سیری در تاریخ ادبیات (۲) ۴ واحد ۳۳
نیمسال هشتم
۴۳ . مکتبهای ادبی ۲ واحد ۱۵-۴۲
۴۴ . بررسی آثار ترجمه شده اسلامی (۲) ۲ واحد ۳۵
۴۵ . داستان کوتاه انگلیسی ۲ واحد ۵-۶-۸
۴۶ . آشنایی با رمان (۲) ۲ واحد ۴۱
۴۷ . اصول و روش تحقیق (۲) ۲ واحد ۴۰
۴۸ . شعر انگلیسی ۲ واحد ۱۲-۱۵
دروس عمومی ( به اختیار گروه یا دانشجو هر ترم انتخاب می شود )
قراءت قرآن کریم ۱ واحد
وصایای امام (ره) ۱ واحد
متون اسلامی ۲ واحد
تاریخ اسلام ۲ واحد
اخلاق اسلامی ۲ واحد
انقلاب اسلامی و ریشه ها ۲ واحد
تنظیم خانواده و جمعیت ۲ واحد
تربیت بدنی ۱ (عملی) ۱ واحد
تربیت بدنی ۲ ( عملی) ۱ واحد تربیت بدنی ۱
معارف اسلامی (۱) ۲ واحد
معارف اسلامی (۲) ۲ واحد معارف اسلامی ۱
فارسی عمومی ۳ واحد فارسی پیش
نیمسال اول
۱ . خواندن (۱) ۴ واحد -
۲ . دستور نگارش (۱) ۴ واحد -
۳ . گفت و شنود (۱) ۳ واحد -
۴ . روانشناسی عمومی ۲ واحد -
۵ . معارف اسلامی (۱) ۲ واحد -
۶ . زبان پیش و فارسی پیش ( در صورت عدم کسب حد نصاب در کنکور ) هر یک ۲ و احد -
نیمسال دوم
۷ . خواندن (۲) ۴ واحد ۱
۸ . دستور و نگارش (۲) ۴ واحد ۲
۹ . گفت و شنود (۲) ۳ واحد ۳
۱۰ . زبان عمومی ۳ واحد ۶
نیمسال سوم
۱۱ . خواندن (۳) ۲ واحد ۷
۱۲ . مهارتهای مطالعه ۲ واحد ۷
۱۳ . مکالمه موضوعی ۲ و احد ۹
۱۴ . کلیات روشها و فنون تدریس (۱) ۲ واحد -
نیمسال چهارم
۱۵ . اندازه گیری و سنجش ۲ واحد ۱۴
۱۶ . آواشناسی ۲ واحد ۷
۱۷ . نمونه های شعر ساده ۲ واحد ۱۱
۱۸. کلیات روشها ...(۲) ۲ واحد ۱۴
۱۹ . طراحی و تولید کاربرد مواد آموزشی ۲ واحد ۱۴
۲۰. فارسی عمومی ۳ واحد فارسی پیش
۲۱ . بهداشت و تنظیم خانواده ۱ -
نیمسال پنجم
۲۲ . روش تدریس زبان انگلیسی (۱) ۲ واحد ۷-۱۲
۲۳ . نمونه های نثر ساده ۲ واحد ۱۱
۲۴ . زبانشناسی (۱) ۲ واحد ۷-۸
۲۵ . تمرین معلمی (۱ ) ۲ واحد ۱۸-۱۹
۲۶ . بررسی کتب زبان انگلیسی ۲ واحد ۱۱
۲۷ . روانشناسی تربیتی ۲ واحد ۵
۲۸ . اخلاق اسلامی ۲ واحد -
نیمسال ششم
۲۹ . روش تدریس زبان انگلیسی(۲) ۲ واحد ۲۲
۳۰ . تمرین معلمی (۲) ۲۵
۳۱ . ارزشیابی زبان انگلیسی ۲ واحد ۲۲-۲۴
۳۲ . تربیت بدنی( ۱ ) ۱ واحد -
۳۳ . قرائت قرآن ۱ واحد -
۳۴ . وصایای امام ۱ واحد -
===============================================
چکیده مقررات آموزشی دوره آموزش معلمان :
مجموع واحدهای نیم سال اول و دوم با احتساب نیمسال تابستان ( که اجباری است )۴۰ واحد با ید
باشد.
هر نیمسال ۱۶ هفته است و هر دوره تابستانی ۶ هفته
تعداد واحدهای هر ترم حداقل ۸ و حداکثر ۱۵ بجز تابستان که حداکثر ۱۲ است
معدل زیر ۱۲ مشروط است و فقط میتواند ۱۰ واحد اختیار نماید
حداقل نمره قبولی ۱۰ بجز دروس قرآن که ۱۲ است
نمرات قبولی یا ردی در کارنامه ثبت میگردد
درصورت ۲ بار ردی در درسی آن درس بدون تاثیر در معدل در کارنامه ثبت میگردد
برای محاسبه معدل میانگین نمرات تعداد واحدهای هر درس در نمرات آن درس ضرب و بر مجموع حاصل ضرب تعداد کل واحدها تقسیم میگردد
حذف اضطراری درس طبق برنامه دانشگاه بلامانع است اما واحدها نباید کمتر از ۸ شود
حداکثر مدت مجاز تحصیل در دوره آموزش معلمان ۴ سال است
گرفتن ترم تابستانی اجباری است
در صورت ارائه درس در تابستان در یک دانشگاه امکان میهمان شدن دانشجو وجود ندارد
حداکثر مرخصی تحصیلی فقط ۳ ترم
حذف و اضافه در ترم تابستان وجود ندارد
رعایت پیش نیاز درسها الزامی است و به عهده خود دانشجو است در غیر اینصورت آموزش گروه درسهای مازاد و غیر مجاز را حذف خواهد کرد
+ مطالب سایت را مطالعه نمایید
+ مطالب سایت را روی کامپیوتر خود ذخیره و بعدا استفاده نمایید
+ روی لینکهای ارائه شده در هر قسمت کلیک کنید
+ برای استفاده از مطالب بیشتر به آرشیو ماهیانه مراجعه نمایید
+ برای وارد کردن نظر یا پیام روی قسمت نظر بدهيد كليك نماييد
+ براي دريافت يا درخواست مطلب يا منبع و يا سوال با آدرس مستقيم پست الكترونيكي مسوول سايت مكاتبه نماييد
+ در صورتيكه قصد همكاري داريد از طريق پست الكترونيكي اقدام نماييد
+ لطفا از قرار دادن مطالب يا لينكها و نظرات غير اخلاقي و مقاير با شئونات اسلامي و قوانين كشور در اين وبلاگ خودداري نماييد
به امید رضایت شما
Medical concepts and language are very complex. People need easily understandable health information regardless of age, background or reading level. Here are guidelines to help you create easy-to-read health materials.
What are easy-to-read (ETR) materials?ETR materials are written for audiences who have difficulty reading or understanding information.
How can you create easy to read materials?
Writing ETR materials for MedlinePlus is a process involving several important steps:
Know your target audience. Consider reading level, cultural background and attitudes, age group and English Language Proficiency (ELP).
- Include your target audience. Bring members of the audience into early planning stages, if at all possible. This is especially important in cross-cultural communication.
- Research your target audience. Use tools such as surveys and interviews to learn about the need of the target group. If extensive research is not feasible due to time or budget constraints, contact other organizations who communicate regularly with similar target audiences.
- Determine objectives and outcomes. What do you want your target audience to learn? For example, if your objective is to show the proper use of asthma inhalers, emphasize the outcome of their proper use. A sample sentence might be: "Following the directions for your asthma inhaler may help you to breathe easier."
Step 2: Organize and Write
- Keep within a range of about a 4th to 6th grade reading level.
- Focus on a few key concepts.
- Use a clear topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph. Follow the topic sentence with details and examples. For example, "Proper use of asthma inhalers helps you breathe better. Here are reasons why." Then give reasons.
- Examples and stories may help engage readers.
- Use the "you" attitude. Personalization helps the reader understand what he or she is supposed to do.
- Structure the material logically. Some users prefer step-by-step instructions. Others may find concepts arranged from the general to the specific easier to understand.
- Emphasize benefits of adopting the desired behavior. For example, "Following these directions will help you get enough medicine from the inhaler.".
- Do not make assumptions about people who read at a low level. Maintain an adult perspective.
- Many who are challenged by English are extremely fluent in a different first language. Is your school French or Spanish or German good enough to read medical instructions?
Language and writing style
- Find alternatives for complex words, medical jargon, abbreviations, and acronyms. When no alternatives are available, spell complex terms and abbreviations phonetically and give clear definitions.
- Keep most sentences short. Use varied sentence length to make them interesting, but keep sentences simple.
- Use the active voice and vivid verbs. Here's an example:
Active: Amanda used her inhaler today.
Passive: The inhaler was used by Amanda today.
Visual Presentation and Representation
- Use colors that are appealing to your target audience. Be aware, however, that some people cannot tell red from green.
- Use pictures and photos with concise captions. Keep captions close to graphics.
- Avoid graphs and charts unless they actually help understanding.
- Balance the use of text, graphics, and clear or "white" space.
- Avoid words or sentences in all capital letters.
- Avoid italics.
- Use bolded subheadings to separate and highlight document sections.
- When possible, use graphics or spell out fractions and percentages.
Always test your materials on a sample group from your target audience. Evaluate the feedback and revise your material if necessary. Testing during the writing process can help ensure your audience is getting the message. For more information, see the pretest and revision section from the National Cancer Institutes "Clear and Simple" publication.
Following are samples of readability assessment tools:
- Fry Readability Graph. A commonly used readability assessment tool. See, for example, .
- SMOG. Less frequently used than the Fry Graph, but still widely used. See, for example, the University of Utah Health Science Center's Smog Readability Formula page.
- Gunning FOG. One of the first readability tools. It is widely used.
- SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials). A tool created by Cecilia and Leonard Doak. SAM assesses not only readability, but also usability and suitability elements.
- Flesch Reading Ease / Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Used in the Microsoft Word grammar checker.
For more information on readability, see Harvard School of Public Health's Assessing Materials page.
Readability software programs
These are examples of software programs. Other programs exist.Readability software may not be suitable for every ETR project.
Note: NLM makes no endorsements in displaying these examples.
- Readability Plus (Windows and Mac)
- Stylewriter Plus (Windows and Mac)
- InText (Public domain software for Windows, English and German)
Commercial version available as TextQuest - UNIX commands to help identify readability and style issues
Step 4: Inform Us and Stay Informed
After you create ETR materials, we suggest you label them "easy-to-read." MedlinePlus will display materials as easy-to-read only if the sponsoring organization labels them. NLM does not evaluate materials for reading level.
Other Resources
Here are some lists of other materials that may be helpful.
Sites with easy-to-read health materials
- Food and Drug Administration. Easy-to-read publications page
- National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases. Easy-to-read publications page
- National Women's Health Information Center. Easy-to-read publications are indicated in separate column on page
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Easy-to-read publications page
- National Library of Medicine. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2004-1. Understanding Health Literacy and its Barriers
- National Library of Medicine. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2000-1. Health Literacy
- Centers for Disease Control. Simply Put (PDF file)
- National Cancer Institute. Clear & Simple: Developing Effective Print Materials for Low-Literate Readers
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Improving Health Literacy
- Center for Medicare Education. Writing Easy-to-Read Materials (PDF file)
- Society for Technical Communication, Usability Special Interest Group. Readability Research
- Jacobson, Kara L. and Felicia J. Morton; Breast Health Connection of Georgia Developing Easy-to to-Read Patient Education Materials (PDF file)
-
Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching Patients with Low Literacy Skills. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co; 1996. [Print resource]
| Intermediate Level Learning - Grammar Help | |
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Do or Make Explained What are Adverbs? What are Phrasal Verbs? What are Pronouns? Writing Lesson - Non Defining Clauses English Grammar Quick Review: Tenses Guide to Verb Structures and Patterns Intensifying Adjectives Preposition Phrases
Improve your knowledge of some of the most important and common combinations of prepositions used in English. These combinations are used to connect, explain and show the relationship between ideas and things.
Prepositional Phrases Reference Sheet
Try Prepositional Phrases Quiz - 1
Try Prepositional Phrases Quiz - 2
Try Prepositional Phrases Quiz - 3
Try Prepositional Phrases Quiz - 4
Try Prepositional Phrases Quiz - 5
Adverbs of Frequency Direct (Reported) Speech Direct Speech Quiz - 1 Direct Speech Quiz - 2 Passive Voice Passives Quiz - Active to Passive Voice Passives Quiz - Passive to Active Contrasting Ideas Adjectives + Prepositions #1 Adjectives + Prepositions #2 Demanding Explanations Saying 'no' nicely Stating a Preference Asking for Information Offering Help Giving Advice Making Suggestions Giving Warnings Prepositions + Nouns Nouns + Prepositions Nouns + Prepositions - quiz in / at / on - prepositions of place in / at / on - prepositions of place - quiz in / at / on - prepositions of place and movement in / at / on - prepositions of place and movement - quiz in / at / on - prepositions of time and date in / at / on - prepositions of time and date - quiz for / while / during for / while / during - quiz Comparative and Superlative Forms Use of Time Expressions Quantifiers - much, many, some, few, etc. Countable or Uncountable? Uses of 'Like' Question Tag Forms Question Forms Question Forms - Subject and Object Questions Adverb Clauses Overview Adverb Clauses Showing Cause and Effect Adverb Clauses Expressing Conditions Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions Adverb Clauses Expressing Opposition English Tenses Contractions Adverbs Adjectives Adjective Placement Adjective Placement Quiz Intermediate Grammar Review - 1 Intermediate Grammar Review - 2 Intermediate Grammar Review - 3 Intermediate Grammar Review - 4 Present Continuous Grammar Present Simple Exceptions to the Present Simple Future Forms Past and Past Participle Learning Tool Modal Verbs 'Can' and 'Be Able to' Modal Verbs 'Must' and 'Have to' Modal Verbs of Probability Perfect or Progressive Conditionals Gerund Or Infinitive Gerund Or Infinitive Learning Tool Past Simple Present Perfect Forming Modals Intermediate Learning Maze Learning Maze Answers Past Simple or Present Perfect? - 1 Past Simple or Present Perfect? - 2 Intermediate Practice Test More Intermediate Learning Resources
Do or Make? One of the most common problems for beginners and intermediate learners. They both have similar meanings, but there are differences. Here is a review sheet explaining the difference between the two verbs, providing key collocations and followed up by a quiz testing your knowledge.
There are five different types of adverbs. This feature explains each of the five adverbs types, adverb spelling and adverb placement, as well as exceptions to the rules.
This guide provides a overview of phrasal verbs including a discussion of separable and inseparable phrasal verbs.
Here is a guide to the four basic types of pronouns: subject, object, possessive and demonstrative. This overview provides a simple introduction for beginners or a quick review for other level students.
This intermediate level lesson focuses on introducing and / or reviewing defining and non-defining relative clauses. Exercises include a recognition and punctuation drill as well as a text expansion exercise.
This grammar reference section provides a quick review and explanation of tenses used in English. The feature is divided into sections on present, past and future tenses including tense usage instructions, example sentences and hints.
This guide gives an overview of the most common verb structures and patterns used in English such as 'verb + object + infinitive', or 'verb ' object + participle', etc. Each verb structure or pattern includes a short explanation and example.
This feature provides a guide to the use of the most common intensifying adjectives for non-physical nouns, as well as important adjective-noun collocations.
Reference guide to using adverbs of frequency such as 'always, usually, rarely and never'. This extensive guide includes exceptions, and an extensive list of uses for adverbs of frequency.
Learn how to use direct speech. This grammar section provides a chart with all the principal transfomrmations, as well as how to report questions. For example: "I will go to Paris" becomes "He said he would go to Paris".
Check your understanding of the use of direct speech with this (difficult) quiz asking for transformations from direct to indirect speech.
Check your understanding of the use of direct speech with this (difficult) quiz asking for transformations from direct to indirect speech.
Sometimes it's better to use the passive voice. For example: 'Fords are made in Detroit' is much better than 'Somebody makes Fords in Detroit'. Learn about the passive voice.
Check your understanding of the use of passive voice with this quiz asking for transformations from active to passive voice.
Check your understanding of the use of passive voice with this quiz asking for transformations from passive to active voice.
There are a number of ways to show contrasting ideas in a sentence. This chart provides the most common ways to contrast ideas with example sentences and a construction chart.
Study the use of these common expressions using adjective and preposition combinations.
Study the use of these common expressions using adjective and preposition combinations.
Sometimes, things happen that we would like explained and we must demand explanations. For example, if you have just bought a new computer and there is a problem, but the shop assistant says that the guaranty does not cover the problem.
Sometimes you need to say no when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks you to do something for them. Of course, saying just 'no' can be rather rude. Here are some of the most common ways to say 'no' nicely - or at least not rudely.
Sometimes you need to state a preference when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks your opinion about what to do. The most common language formulas for showing a preference with examples and a construction table.
The most common language formulas for asking for information with examples and a construction table.
The most common language formulas for offering help with examples and a construction table.
The most common language formulas for giving advice to other people with examples and a construction table.
The most common language formulas for making suggestions with examples and a construction table.
The most common language formulas for giving warnings with examples and a construction table.
Study the use of these common expressions using prepositions followed by nouns.
Study the use of these common noun and preposition combinations.
Test your understanding of these prepositions to express the position of objects.
Study the use of these prepositions to express the position of objects.
Test your understanding of these prepositions to express the position of objects.
Study the use of these prepositions to express movement and position in a city or country.
Test your understanding of these prepositions to express movement and position in a city or country.
Study the use of these prepositions to express when something happens.
Test your understanding of these prepositions to express when something happens.
Study the use of these prepositions to express when something happens during another activity.
Test your understanding of these prepositions to express when something happens during another activity.
Quiz Review of comparative and superlative forms.
Challenging quiz connecting sentences with the correct time clause (when, since, etc.) and then choosing the correct tense. Great for review.
Various quantifiers are used based on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, sentence position and negative, positive, or question form. Check your understanding of quantifiers with this quiz.
Check your understanding of whether a noun is countable or uncountable with this quiz.
'Like' is used in various forms for VERY different questions. Check your understanding of the usage of 'like' with this quiz.
You know how question tags are formed, don't you? Practice question tag formation with this quiz.
Overview and short explanation of question forms for subject and object questions.
Quiz testing question forms for both the common object question and the less common subject question.
Introduction to the use of adverb clauses using a chart to show the various types of adverb clauses used (time, opposition, condition and cause/effect).
How to use adverb clauses such as because, as, since, etc. to express cause and effect.
How to use adverb clauses such as if, unless, only if, even if, etc. to express conditions for results.
How to use adverb clauses with time expressions such as when, as soon as, before, etc.
How to use adverb clauses with time expressions such though, even though, whereas, etc. to show clauses in opposition to each other.
A quick overview chart to 13 tenses in English. This guide gives you a general idea of when to use these tenses.
When we use contractions (He's, We've etc.) in English including when to use contractions in written English.
The basic rules for using adverbs in English.
The basic rules for using adjectives in English.
Guideline to the correct order of adjectives when using more than one adjective to describe a noun (i.e., an interesting old English book).
Test your knowledge of using more than one adjective to describe a noun (i.e., an interesting old English book).
Interactive review of essential intermediate level English. Each question focuses on one specific concept and an explanation of the point is given for an incorrect answer.
Interactive review of essential intermediate level English. Each question focuses on one specific concept and an explanation of the point is given for an incorrect answer.
Interactive review of essential intermediate level English. Each question focuses on one specific concept and an explanation of the point is given for an incorrect answer.
Interactive review of essential intermediate level English. Each question focuses on one specific concept and an explanation of the point is given for an incorrect answer.
What are you doing right now? You are reading this page. Learn how to use the present continuous.
What do you do every day? Use this grammar chart to learn about the Present Simple.
There are a number of important exceptions to the use of the present simple. Find out which of these exceptions are important for you.
Learn about the various forms used for the future: will - going to - continuous, including follow up quiz.
Go - went - gone, come - came -come, sing - sang - ? Having problems memorizing irregular past verbs? Practice the forms with this interactive tool.
Learn about the modal verbs 'can' and 'be able to'.
Learn about these commonly confused modal verbs that seem to mean the same thing, but really don't ...
Modal verbs can also be used to express how likely we think something is. For example: 'He must be at work. It's nine o'clock' means that I am sure he is at work. Learn these important secondary uses of modal verbs.
Sometimes it's difficult to know whether to use a perfect form (He's lived here for three years) or the progressive perfect form (He's been working for three hours). Find out when to use either form in the past, present or future.
Learn the conditional forms: Conditional 0, 1, 2, and 3 as well as some important exceptions to the rules.
Decide whether the verb takes the gerund or the infinitive form of the following verb. For example: He enjoys playing tennis. - 'Enjoy' takes the gerund.
Not sure whether the verb takes the '-ing' form or the infinitive? Use this great interactive tool to check which form is appropriate.
Learn about the past simple and when to use it. For example: They went to Rio last year.
Learn about the present perfect and when to use it. For example: I have lived in New York for a long time.
Learn about how modals are formed in the various tenses.
Use this maze to test your knowledge of English while having fun.
Answer sheet to the learning maze above.
Quiz focusing on one of the more difficult grammar points in English: When to use the past simple or present perfect.
Quiz focusing on one of the more difficult grammar points in English: When to use the past simple or present perfect.
Great review exercise based on a wide variety of learning points appropriate to the intermediate level.
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Articles & Resourcesmore from your guideEnglish Grammar Workbooks Free Beginning English E-mail Course Back to School Beginner's Resources Question Words Question Words Adjectives Adverbs Do or Make Explained Have and Have Got Plural Forms Much or Many? What are pronouns? ABCs Song Numbers - Understanding Numbers 1 Telling the Time Introduction to Phonetics - Pronunciation Help Dialogue: Work, Work, Work! Basic English Conversations | |||
"Language is a glove that is pulled
tight around the skin of content.
You have to throw away a lot until
you find the one thing that fits exactly.
Writing is throwing away."
from Godfried Bomans,
با این کلمات اثری آغاز می شود که فصل تازه ای در تاریخ ادبیات جهان گشود و شاخه ادبی مهمی را به عنوان رمان مدرن به دنیای ادب معرفی کرد.
قهرمان آن در مدتی اندک اوراق خاموش کتاب را ترک گفت و راه خود را به سوی پهنه پرهیاهوی جامعه و تاریخ تمدن بشر باز کرد. نسلهای بعد دیگر لازم نبود برای آشنایی با او "اثر" را بخوانند، کافی بود به پیرامون خود بنگرند: دون کیشوت، این پیرمرد شوریده و پریشان در تمام جوامع حضور داشت.
دون کیشوت نه تنها به عنوان یک شخصیت ادبی، بلکه به مثابه یک سیمای زنده بشری به گنجینه فرهنگ و تمدن راه یافت و بر تمام رشته های هنری اثری عمیق باقی گذاشت.
رمان دون کیشوت حدود پنجاه سال پیش توسط محمد قاضی به فارسی ترجمه شد و محبوبیت زیادی در میان جماعت کتابخوان ایرانی پیدا کرد.
خالق این اثر تازه سروانتس بود، مردی با سرگذشتی پرفراز و نشیب که هرگز به معروفیت اثر خود نرسید، و در تيره روزی درگذشت.
دون کیشوت امسال 400 ساله می شود. در سراسر جهان، به ویژه در موطن او اسپانیا، مراسم گسترده ای در بزرگداشت او برگزار می شود. بخش فرهنگی سایت بی بی سی، صفحاتی را به این رویداد اختصاص داده است.
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رمان دون کيشوت و ماجراهای نجيب زاده شوريده و خيال باف آن، همواره يکی از منابع غنی و جذاب سينما بوده است. قديمی ترين برداشت سينمايی از دون کيشوت به سال ۱۹۰۳ بر می گردد.
بر پايه داستانهای دون کيشوت دهها فيلم کوتاه و بلند سينمايی و تلويزيونی، فيلم های عروسکی و نقاشی متحرک در کشورهای گوناگون ساخته شده است.
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سروانتس در پنجاه و هشت سالگی دن کيشوت را انتشار داد و به آنچه که می خواست دست يافت: پول و شهرت؛ و هر چند که پانزده سال بعد، وقتی دومين و آخرين بخش اين رمان را به يايان رساند درگذشت اما اثری که او خلق کرده بود به راه خود رفت و جايگاهی بی مانند در قلمرو ادبيات جهان به خود اختصاص داد، چنان که دن کيشوت امروزه شايد يکی از اندک آثار ادبی بی زمان باشد.
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دون کيشوت سرگذشت نجيب زاده ای است پنجاه ساله. او رفتار و منشی غيرعادی دارد. در سالمندی هنوز ازدواج نکرده، کار خاصی انجام نمی دهد و خانه نشين است. شب و روز خود را به خواندن کتابهای افسانه ای درباره زندگی شواليه ها می گذراند. آدمی خوش خيال و زودباور است و سخت تحت تأثير خوانده های خود قرار می گيرد.
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بسياری از متن هايی که در ستايش يا نکوهش دون کيشوت نوشته شده را می توان در عين حال هواداری از آرمانگرايی يا واقعگرايی دانست. همين دو ديدگاه است که بر شخصيت دون کيشوت و رمان او سايه افکنده، و بر همين پايه برداشت ها و پيام های متفاوتی از اين اثر را موجب شده است.
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سروانتس در دورانی چشم به جهان گشود که اسپانیا در اوج قدرت بود. او شیفته سنت ها و آداب شوالیه گری، نفوذ کلیسا، ثروت و لشکرکشی های ماجراجویانه به دنیای نو (آمریکا) بود. در نوجوانی خانه و خانواده را ترک کرد و زندگی پرماجرایی در پیش گرفت. در یک دوئل مردی را از پا انداخت و از ترس قانون و مجازات، به عنوان ملوان به استخدام نیروی دریایی اسپانیا درآمد.
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امسال دون کيشوت، قهرمان اثر جاودانی ميگوئل سروانتس سا آودرا نقش اول را در رويدادهای فرهنگی اسپانيا برعهده می گيرد.
دون کيشوت را اسپانيايی زبانهای امروز "کيخوته" تلفظ می کنند، و معمولا لقب "دون" را که به معنای "جناب" است، کنار می گذارند. نسخه ای از اين کتاب در هر خانه اسپانيا يافت می شود.
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Table of Contents
| Accounting Tutorial Introduction | Debits and Credits Set #3 | End of Period Closing Entries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Overview of the Accounting System | Debits and Credits Set #4 | Closing Entries (Continued) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Accounting Cycle | Debits and Credits Set #5 | Financial Statements | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning Asset Account Names | Debits and Credits Set #6 | Reconciling a Bank Statement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning Liability Account Names | Debits and Credits Set #7 | Petty Cash | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning Owner's Equity Account Names | Debits and Credits Set #8 | Bad Debts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Understanding Debits and Credits | General Journal Entries | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debits and Credits Set #1 | End of Period Adjusting Entries | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debits and Credits Set #2 |
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RESUMES AND RESUME WRITING | |||||||||||||||||
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Resumes and Resume Writing Lessons Resume writing can at first seem overwhelming. These lessons focus on learning about resumes and resume writing. Students learn the importance of resumes, and how to write a clear and effective resume. | |||||||||||||||
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JOB APPLICATIONS | |||||||||||||||||
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Filling in a Job Application Form Lesson Students practice writing and filling out job sample application forms while learning to prepare for the real world of work and employment. Materials include printable job application worksheets and a sample resume.
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CAREER EXPLORATION AND PREPARATION | |||||||||||||||||
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Career Exploration: Applying Yourself Introductory lesson plan on applying yourself for your future, work, and career. Students learn about motivation and responsibility. Lesson is intended to help students prepare for their future and develop the life skills they need to be successful in life.
Career Exploration: Thinking about the Future Students think about their future career by identifying their personal likes, dislikes, needs, and motivations. Then, they identify potential careers based on these findings.
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CAREER PLANNING | |||||||||||||||||
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Learn the different elements and steps of career planning. Includes printable lesson and student worksheets. | |||||||||||||||
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INTERVIEWING | |||||||||||||||||
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Introduction: Interviewing Overview In this introductory lesson, students learn what an interview is, the purpose of interviewing, and the different types of interviews.
Interviewing: Types of Interviews An overview lesson covering the different types of interviews.
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WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER | |||||||||||||||||
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Students learn to write and type a formal business letter, using standard block-style format. Learn to define and label the parts of a business letter.
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BUSINESS WRITING BASICS | |||||||||||||||||
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Business Writing Lesson Plan Introduction - Commas Students learn the importance of business writing, content, and presentation, while improving their usage of punctuation and commas.
Business Writing Lesson 2 Punctuation - Hyphens Learn proper punctuation for business writing, including hyphen usage, semi-colons, colons, quotations marks, dashes, and ellipses.
Business Writing Lesson 3 - Common Misused Words A lesson in avoiding commonly misused words in business writing.
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COMMUNICATION SKILLS | |||||||||||||||||
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Students will learn the importance of good communication skills, including written and verbal. Students will also learn effective listening skills, clarity, consistency, and other communication skills.
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PUBLIC SPEAKING | |||||||||||||||||
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Importance of Public Speaking and Dealing with Fear An introduction lesson plan on public speaking and dealing with fear and anxiety.
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KEYBOARDING AND TYPING SKILLS | |||||||||||||||||
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Keyboarding Skills and Typing Lessons Keyboarding teaching lesson plans with practice drills and printable fingering worksheets.
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WORD PROCESSING - MICROSOFT WORD | |||||||||||||||||
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Microsoft Word Introduction Lesson An introduction to using Microsoft Word office software. Word Processing lesson plan and lesson.
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INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING | |||||||||||||||||
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Introduction to Accounting Lesson Plan Students learn the importance of accounting, the three main types of accounting information, GAAP, accounting principles, and accounting reports.
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BUSINESS MATH | |||||||||||||||||
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Business Math
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EARNING MONEY | |||||||||||||||||
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Earning Money
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Your Links To Greater Brain Power
How To Increase Brain Power : The home page, with some quick tricks and techniques for increasing brain power. Introduces other pages.
How To Increase IQ: Techniques for quickly increasing ones intelligence quotient, or at least scoring higher on tests that measure it.
Quick Brain Exercises: Sharpen thinking with regular exercises for the brain.
Memory Exercises And Techniques: Boost your ability to recall things today. Easy to learn methods.
Mindfulness Exercises: Put yourself in the moment with exercises that will help clear your mind so you can use it more effectively.
Problem Solving Techniques: Several ways to solve problems creatively and quickly, including the time-tested practice of changing your perspective.
Lateral Thinking Puzzles And Problem Solving Games: Some classic puzzles and new games to keep your problem solving skills in practice.
How To Brainstorm: How to brainstorm; both the traditional group model and a solo-brainstorming example.
Using "What If" To Find Creative Solutions: "What If..." starts the process in this method of finding creative solutions to problems.
More Ways To Solve Problems: Several more techniques and tricks, including the "assume the absurd" process.
The Benefits Of Meditation: Why have people practiced meditation for thousands of years? A quick lesson in how to meditate, and why.
A Good Problem Solving Technique: Attributes Listing: How to use a problem-solving technique that involves listing the attributes of a problem.
More Brainstorming Techniques: Ten more brainstorming techniques are listed in an article by Bea Fields.
Creativity: Definition And Improvement: Some thoughts on defining creativity, and an article on how to improve creativity, by Royane Real.
Keep Your Mental Edge As You Age: You can maintain and even improve your mental abilities as you grow older.
Brain Drugs: Information on the newest brain-enhancing drugs coming to market soon.
Brain Foods: Lists of foods that are good for the brain, and bad for the brain. Then, the explanations as to why they are good or bad.
Brain Teasers Riddles: Brain teasers to keep you guessing. Answers too!
Lesters Amazing Story: Just an interesting story.
More Free Brain Teasers: Guess what you'll find here.
Famous People With Learning Disabilities: Don't think you don't have enough brain power just because you have a learning disability. Look at the success of these people.
Brain Power Newsletter: Sign-up page for the Brain Power Newsletter.
Boost Brain Power By Writing: Use your "explain" power to increase your brain power.
Brain Power Tools: Memory-enhancing pills, hypnosis downloads, and more.
The Brainpower Article Bank: If you have a website, you can use these articles for free. They will get traffic for you.
Self Hypnosis Tapes: Hundreds to choose from, many related to brainpower enhancement.
Silva Mind Control: Now more commonly called the Silva Method, still used by millions.
Audio Books: Amass a library of useful information in your head while driving to and from work.
Learn A Language: A new language means new thoguhts, and increased brainpower.
Speed Reading: Learn faster and free up your time by reading at the speed of thought.
Free IQ Test: What you should know about IQ tests, and where you can take one for free.
Brain Wave Entrainment: Increase your brain power with new technologies.
Secrets Of Mind Power: Sign up for the free course on increasing your mind power.
Articles On Brainstorming : A collection of articles on brainstorming.
Improve Your Brainstorming Skills : By Noam A. Some tips to help you become better at brainstorming.
Brainstorming! The Key To Wealth : By Roy Primm.
Innovation Management and Brainstorming Management – why people hate to brainstorm! : By Kal Bishop. Learn th problems people have with brainstorming so you can avoid them.
Brainstorming Tools : A page devoted to problem solving techniques and other brainstorming tools.
===================================================================
The Article Bank
What If You Had Concentration Power?
Can You Increase Your Brain Power?
Who Wants To Be A Creative Genius?
Learn A Language - Think New Thoughts
Ten Problem Solving Techniques
Be The One With Something Interesting To Say
Increase Your Intelligence With Music
A Three Step Problem Solving Method
The Key To Effective Brainstorming
Innovation Through Concept-Combination
Other Articles
Recent Newsletters
Writing To Increase Brainpower
Mind Power Secrets Course Lessons
The Power Of The Subconscious Mind
Really Funny Jokes : Jokes to wake up your brain - at least that is the excuse (enjoy).
Twisted Humor : The slightly more unusual and off-color jokes.
Increase Creativity : A two step process to increas your creativity.
Enhanced Mental Clarity : Clear that brainfog!
New Ideas : How to have them.
Other Brainpower Resources : Our "links" page (there are some good sites out there).
Listed below are brief summaries of some of the more popular second language teaching methods of the last half century. For a more detailed analysis of the different methods, click on the blue titles to follow the hyperlinks or see Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Richards, J. and Rodgers, T (1986) CUP Cambridge.
The Direct Method
In this method the teaching is done entirely in the target language. The learner is not allowed to use his or her mother tongue. Grammar rules are avoided and there is emphasis on good pronunciation.
Grammar-translation
Learning is largely by translation to and from the target language. Grammar rules are to be memorized and long lists of vocabulary learned by heart. There is little or no emphasis placed on developing oral ability.
Audio-lingual
The theory behind this method is that learning a language means acquiring habits. There is much practice of dialogues of every situations. New language is first heard and extensively drilled before being seen in its written form.
The structural approach
This method sees language as a complex of grammatical rules which are to be learned one at a time in a set order. So for example the verb "to be" is introduced and practised before the present continuous tense which uses "to be" as an auxiliary.
Suggestopedia
The theory underlying this method is that a language can be acquired only when the learner is receptive and has no mental blocks. By various methods it is suggested to the student that the language is easy - and in this way the mental blocks to learning are removed.
Total Physical Response (TPR)
TPR works by having the learner respond to simple commands such as "Stand up", "Close your book", "Go to the window and open it." The method stresses the importance of aural comprehension.
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
The focus of this method is to enable the learner to communicate effectively and appropriately in the various situations she would be likely to find herself in. The content of CLT courses are functions such as inviting, suggesting, complaining or notions such as the expression of time, quantity, location.
The Silent Way
This is so called because the aim of the teacher is to say as little as possible in order that the learner can be in control of what he wants to say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
Community Language Learning
In this method attempts are made to build strong personal links between the teacher and student so that there are no blocks to learning. There is much talk in the mother tongue which is translated by the teacher for repetition by the student.
Immersion
This corresponds to a great extent to the situation we have at our school. ESL students are immersed in the English language for the whole of the school day and expected to learn math, science, humanities etc. through the medium of the target language, English.
Immigrant students who attend local schools find themselves in an immersion situation; for example refugee children from Bosnia attending German schools, or Puerto Ricans in American schools. Click here for many links to information about bilingual/immersion programs
.
Task-based language learning
The focus of the teaching is on the completion of a task which in itself is interesting to the learners. Learners use the language they already have to complete the task and there is little correction of errors.
(This is the predominant method in middle school ESL teaching. The tasks are subsumed in a major topic that is studied for a number of weeks. In the topic of ecology, for example, students are engaged in a number of tasks culminating in a poster presentation to the rest of the class. The tasks include reading, searching the internet, listening to taped material, selecting important vocabulary to teach other students etc.)
The Natural Approach
This approach, propounded by Professor S. Krashen, stresses the similarities between learning the first and second languages. There is no correction of mistakes. Learning takes place by the students being exposed to language that is comprehensible or made comprehensible to them.
The Lexical Syllabus
This approach is based on a computer analysis of language which identifies the most common (and hence most useful) words in the language and their various uses. The syllabus teaches these words in broadly the order of their frequency, and great emphasis is placed on the use of authentic materials.
See: Willis, D. (1990) The Lexical Syllabus. Collins Cobuild
Another summary
The following is adapted from "How to Master a Foreign Language" by William G. Moulton.
The traditional rule-of -thumb is that a college student needs to spend 2 hours of study for every hour of classroom time. That means that you should have an organized plan for your study time. In language learning, discipline and organization are the most important factors for success.
Aristotle told his student Alexander that there was no "Royal Road" to mathematics. Even a future king had to do it himself through hard work. Here are some guidelines:
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Listen and imitate. Try to reproduce the instructor's pronunciation. Even though Ancient Greek is not a spoken language today, learning to pronounce the words correctly is very helpful in learning to recognize and spell them.
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Memorize. As children we enjoyed committing stories to memory or playing memory games. As adults, we don't enjoy memorization and we are not accustomed to it-we rely on calculators, palm pilots and grocery lists. But memorization is key to success in any language class. When you come to a list of vocabulary words in the book, you must memorize them from Greek to English and back. Quizzes will provide the English word and you will be asked to give the Greek. Many students ask "how should I study? I studied for this test for HOURS and I still didn't learn the material." My response is usually to ask how that student actually sits down to study. Is it a quiet place or is music and tv playing? And is the study active or passive? Looking at a list of words for 3 hours is not going to help you. You must find ways to make your study active, like the following:
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Make flashcards. As you use them, remove the words you know so that you concentrate on the harder ones.
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Write out the vocabulary or paradigm several times. Go to a different activity for 10 minutes, then try to write it from memory.
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Make a set of "cheatsheets" with all the grammar information you have learned. You won't be able to use this on the test, but you will have it for easy reference when you read your assignments. Also, writing tables of endings in a format that you prefer (instead of just looking at the table in the book) can be very helpful in learning. Many people are "spatial learners" and they remember the endings when they visualize the table they made themselves.
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Give yourself practice quizzes. Write out the vocabulary with the answers and fold the paper over so you can't see the answers.
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Study out loud. This is embarrassing for some people, especially if they have a roommate! But it is an excellent way to fix the words in your mind. You should practice speaking and reading aloud every time you study.
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Read actively. When you read a story, note each place where a word ending corresponds to the day's lesson. Greek is an inflected language, which means it uses word endings to determine meaning in many instances where English uses word order. That means you should train yourself to observe the word endings.
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Write down a reference list of the words that you have looked up more than twice, and another reference list of confusing words that look similar to one another. Don't look up a word until you have attempted to guess its meaning from the context.
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Do not write translations in your book. This makes the instructor think that you are reading off the English instead of translating. It also prevents you from reviewing properly since you can see the English on the page.
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Divide study time into small units. Learning is easier if you don't try to do it in huge chunks. All learners become fatigued at a certain point, and the quality of their learning starts to fall. So if you feel yourself fading, take a break and come back to the material refreshed. Notice, however, that this means you must organize your time well so that you do get that chance to come back! Never plan to "cram" for a test. First, it is a very inefficient method of learning. Second, it's like playing Russian roulette. What if something important comes up and you are unable to study? Unless it is a family emergency or illness, I will not excuse you from the test.
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Make full use of class hours. Smart students pack 50 minutes of practice into every class. Try not to sit passively in class, but to stay alert and actively follow what the instructor and other students are saying. Also, be sure to ask if you have a question about anything. I don't mind repeating a concept to make sure that it is fully understood. If you feel that your questions might take up too much class time, please make an appointment with me.
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Don't agonize for an hour over passages you can't understand. Save it for class and say that you had trouble with that part.
by Ysabel de la Rosa
Although my college minor was French, I enrolled in a study program in, of all places, Austria. "Don't worry," friends advised, "you'll pick up the language once you're there." After a week in Austria, I felt that the only way I would "pick up" German was with a trailer-truck. Later, while working as editor of a bilingual magazine in Houston, Texas, a native Spanish-speaker angrily informed me that one of my trusted translators had converted "300 senior citizens" into "300 dirty old men." It was time for me to tackle Spanish "en grande." But how? I now knew better than to think I could just "pick it up," and neither my schedule nor my budget permitted enrolling in a college course or intensive language program.
When a Spaniard compliments a foreigner on their Spanish, they say, "You defend yourself well in the language." Below you'll find six of the components I used in my linguistic "self-defense" program for learning Spanish. I later used these to familiarize myself with Portuguese and Italian, and became able to write simple, basic (though not error-free) letters and to read correspondence and magazine articles in these languages.
Background Sound
Find a radio station that broadcasts in the language you want to study. This does not have to be dependent on your geographic location, thanks to internet radio access. Play this station a half-hour to an hour a day, WITHOUT trying to understand what is being said or sung. Just let the sounds and rhythms "fall" on your ears. The effect is subtle, but sure. If you understand just one or two words a day, congratulate yourself. You're making progress. More important, you are wearing down your "aural resistance" to that foreign tongue as you allow its sounds to fill the space around you.
Sing and Read Along
You couldn't have better [Latin American] Spanish diction teachers than Gloria Estefan or Linda Ronstadt. Their CDs in Spanish, along with those of numerous other performing artists, expose the listener to expressive writing, music, rhythms, and vocabulary, and come with the words printed so you can sing along.
When you first speak a foreign language, one of the most uncomfortable experiences are those awkward pauses while your brain searches for the next word. When you learn the words to a song, the pauses disappear, and your vocal muscles are propelled along into the language structure and vocabulary without hesitation.
When you're ready to go solo, practice reading a foreign text aloud. This gives you excellent pronunciation practice, without the stress and strain of having to remember or look up new vocabulary. Start with simple texts, such as children's stories and brief magazine articles.
Labels
To reinforce the vocabulary you learn, write words on small cards or Post-It notes and attach them to the corresponding object. Each time you open the door, for example, you'll be reminded that in another land and tongue, it is a "puerta," "porte," or "porta."
Soap Opera Study
Oh, the slings and arrows I suffered from friends and family for watching Mexico's "telenovelas," or soap operas. It's true I learned a surplus of passionate expressions, including, "You'll pay for this!" and "You are a swine!" I also learned how to greet someone in their office; when formal address is appropriate and personal address permissible; and how to say "real estate, furniture, department store, files, and ranch foreman," among numerous other terms.
Seeing the language in a story context helps you understand idioms and how they are used. Seeing people speak as you hear them increases your comprehension. Movies can be helpful, but the daily repetition of "situation" programs helps preserve the new vocabulary you learn while watching. If invented drama is not to your taste, watch a daily newscast. Newscasters usually speak much faster than actors, which can make rough going for the beginner. The accompanying video footage, however, helps fill in the auditory gaps.
Write It
With a verb book, a dictionary, and a basic paperback grammar (see resource list below), you can write simple communications in a foreign language. You will not likely write well, but that is not the goal. The goal is to learn and to familiarize yourself with the language. Writing involves your hands, eyes, and brain in a manner that speaking alone does not. It also gives you greater time to express yourself, time to erase, correct and edit. I wrote Spanish letters to friends, who made copies and sent me back corrected versions. I did the same for them in English. (This is more practical than ever with e-mail.) You can also keep a journal in the language you are studying. When journal-writing in that "other language," concentrate on expressing your thoughts with the words you know, no matter how simple and basic, rather than forcing yourself to translate your broader native-language vocabulary into the other language.
Tapes
I have bought lots of language audio-tapes. Each brand has its strong points, but I found two tape series to be exceptionally successful: the Pimsleur Language Program and the Champs Elysژes Audiomagazine Series. The Pimsleur tapes are based on research by the late Dr. Paul Pimsleur, a Columbia University linguist. These tapes are an essential part of any study program I undertake to familiarize myself with another language. The Champs Elysژes tapes -- in French, German, Italian, and Spanish -- are a monthly subscription program. Each month, subscribers receive a tape with radio programs and music in their preferred language, with an accompanying text-script, so that you can listen and read along.
Coursework
As soon as I had time to take Spanish courses, I did. I enrolled in a continuing education course and later audited two college courses. This cost only $25 per course plus the textbook. I learned a great deal from these courses, but these structured classes did not duplicate what I had learned in my own "linguistic self-defense" program. I ended up having the best of both worlds.
The key to all these elements is consistency. You need to do one or more of these at least three days a week, and preferably five. My Spanish fluency increased by leaps and bounds once I made Spanish a daily activity in my life.
Rewards
If you don't publish in a foreign language, you may be wondering why you should sing "La Vie en Rose" in the shower, watch a sister scheme how to steal her sister's suitor, or write grade school- level letters to your friends.
The rewards are substantial. With this extra linguistic knowledge, you can improve your research capabilities, as well as your ability to make contacts and to network. When traveling in a foreign country, you will read street and warning signs with greater ease, and can feel safer and more confident working in a foreign environment.
You can make a successful phone call to a foreign company. The person you need to speak to may speak your language, but the switchboard operator may very well not. If you receive a letter in a foreign language, you can understand its content. You may answer back in English, but at least your correspondent doesn't have to change languages to write to you, which will likely give you more and better information.
More important than all these rewards, however, is the broadened perspective and understanding that can come to you and your writing by branching out into another culture's set of words. Besides, it never hurts for a freelance writer to know how to say, "You'll pay for this!" in any language!
RESOURCES
Grammar:
Barron's series of 501 Conjugated Verbs is essential! Barron's also publishes good grammar guides and foreign-language business dictionaries in pocketbook format. Or, look for other for grammar titles that include terms such as Essential, Basic, and Beginner. Dover Books (among other companies) publishes good basic foreign-language grammar books.
Most people find it confusing to learn two languages at once, especially languages that are similar. That was the consensus in a recent discussion on this site's forum.
Following are edited excepts from the discussion:
Original question: Would it be difficult to start learning Spanish and Italian at the same time? I'm in my fifth year of German and third year of French, and I don't confuse them at all, but then again they have almost nothing in common. Would it be a bad idea to start Spanish and Italian at the same time, or should I wait a couple years in between the two? I love learning languages and I am interested in international business, so I want to learn many languages for personal enjoyment and for the future, and it would be better to start them now while I am still in high school.
CumbiaDude: Wait two years before learning the second language (of the two). I wouldn't even recommend learning French and German at the same time, or rather, starting at the same time. Get a good, solid base with one of the languages (Italian or Spanish) before starting on the other one.
Rocer: Yes, you're going to get confused. You're going to mix both.
SoyLaura: If you haven't studied either of the languages yet, I highly suggest you do not start them at the same time. You will get confused.
After six years of taking advanced Spanish classes, I decided to start learning Italian when I went to college. Since I already knew Spanish, the classes were so ridiculously easy and SLOW MOVING that I literally wanted to die in the class. I even walked out of class a few times (and I never do things disrespectful like that, ever). Especially at the early stages of learning the language, I felt that I had done all of this before, and realized I was wasting a lot of money and time on something I could study on my own, at my own pace.
So, if you had already known one of the languages, I would tell you that it will be a "cinch" learning the other. However, unless you are really good at distinguishing between similar things, you are going to screw yourself over learning them at the same time, ESPECIALLY if you are learning two other languages as well! (French is also similar to Italian, which can help and hurt you)
So, as far as language learning in general, Spanish and Italian will probably be easier for you since you have already studied French. (You will already have a better understanding of verb forms, etc) However, Spanish and Italian are sooooooo similar. I felt I was learning Italian from Spanish; I would think, "oh, that's like the Spanish word for...." or "oh, that's like when you do this in Spanish," which probably isn't the best way to learn.
The largest way I was able to distinguish was just because I was more familiar with one language than the other. Even then, I still mixed up a lot of words, but interestingly enough, I did not usually substitute Spanish words for Italian ones, but vice versa. Even after almost eight years of Spanish and only one of Italian, I would do this. One time I was editing a friend's Spanish composition (intermediate level), and when she had written "llamada" ([phone] call), it was only after I crossed it out and written telefonata that I realized that this was actually the Italian word for "phone call."
I'm sorry if this was more longwinded and pointless than actually helpful, but I thought I should share my experience with you. Good luck with whatever you decide!
Babunia: I support your advice. A few years ago, when my Spanish was quite advanced, even though not perfect, I decided to study Portuguese. It seemed ridiculously easy, I was able to communicate quite easily with the Brazilians during my vacations there, and I was getting a huge amount of amazed compliments from the natives. Then I stopped in Argentina on a way back home, and I discovered that it considerably affected my ability to speak Spanish. I now had to make frequent pauses while frantically deciding which verb ending was correct.
It was a shock, particularly that I was so self congratulating and full of myself. I invested quite a bit of effort, time and money into studying Portuguese but I dropped it because it was ruining my Spanish. On the other hand my Brazilian friend speaks excellent Spanish and doesn't get confused. So my take on it is that you have to gain a total mastery of a language before you start learning a similar one. At least it was my sad experience. I still read Portuguese almost as well as English, but I don't try to study it or speak it, and when I do I can't help mixing it with Spanish.
by Alexander Semenovich Frolov, Master of Philology
Chair, Department of English Language
Pskov Branch of the Moscow Open Social University
Background: In Armenian we have a saying: "Kanee lézoo keedés, aynkan mart yés." (However many languages you know, you are that much more of a human being.) Therefore, we asked Professor Frolov of a university in Pskov, Russia to give our readers few tips about learning languages on their own. We felt that Prof. Frolov was especially qualified because he reads, writes and teaches thirteen (13) languages. Below are his recommendations. We thank Prof. Frolov for taking the time to prepare and send this writing to us from Pskov. He has more details for those who have further interest.
The first step is the hardest . . . If someone is eager to learn a foreign language, he or she needs a teacher in taking the first step. This teacher may not only be a human being, but also a tape recording, a computer CD, a radio or a television program. Self-education in learning languages starts with studying the sound system of a language.
Second, a learner must answer the question: "Why do I speak my native language so fluently?" The answer is: "I live with people who use my language every day and I am forced to use it too." Speaking his or her own language, a learner has to repeat the same word or the same phrase a lot of times a day. A learner is doing so day after day, month after month and year after year, in short, all his or her life long. Out of curiosity, one may count how many times a day the word "I" is said. It is the most popular word in every language.
Third, the above situation makes a learner come to several useful conclusions: a) A foreign language is studied through unceasing and regular repetition of one and the same thing in the course of a lengthy period of time. A foreign language recognizes neither days off nor holidays. b) The vocabulary of any language contains thousands of words. A learner needn’t learn and remember every word. Academicians think that a well-educated person makes use of 6,000 to 9,000 words for all kinds of communication. The vocabulary of an ordinary man or woman is naturally smaller. 2,000 or 3,000 words will suffice. c) These must be used and repeated in every possible situation. The recommendation is simple: Go ahead always coming back. The language is easily forgotten and lost as soon as a speaker stops using it. A musician also loses his or her musical habits and skills when the musical instrument remains untouched. The best result comes if a learner spends 15 – 20 minutes studying a language every day. There is no result if he or she spends two hours on it once a week.
Fourth, the choice of a learning method depends upon what object or aim a learner of a foreign language pursues. A specialist usually takes a great interest in getting more information to make his or her work more productive. The larger his or her foreign vocabulary the better. From this point of view a doctor enlarges the medical vocabulary, a teacher—the educational one, a priest – the theological one, and so on.
Many people merely want to speak a foreign language. In this case a method is different. An ordinary speaker needs a limited number of 2,000 or 3,000 words for communication and he or she should be very careful in the choice of words. To learn and remember a single isolated word in this situation is useless. One should memorize a word group or a phrase. For instance, a learner tries to remember the English word "table." He or she had better memorize the ‘word-groups’ to lay the table, to clear the table, a writing-table, and so one. When a learner gets to know the phrase "You can’t eat your cake and have it too," he or she keeps "cake" in mind forever. Moreover, one may remember every single word of their phrase for a long time and recognize them in any other word groups or phrases. At the same time a learner studies grammar through this phrase.
Speaking a foreign language is very important first of all because of its potential practical reasons. Many special conversational guide-books are published in every country today. A learner may find a list of topics for conversation in these books. The topics may be ‘Addressing and Introducing People,’ ‘Congratulations and Good Wishes,’ ‘Profession and Occupation,’ etc. A learner can also make up his or her own list of topics in accordance with own interests.
Fifth, a learner must be sure why he or she is learning a language (because that will determine the area of focus.) There are four uses of a language: reading, speaking, understanding and writing. Some learners are ready to develop all these skills. Yet, sometimes one has to choose between these. For example, if a learner is not eager to speak the foreign language (French, German, etc.), he or she need not pay attention to pronunciation and intonation. The focus can be on grammar that deals with various forms of a word. If the focus is on speaking as opposed to reading or writing, then the needed skills are different.
Sixth, as a benefit, learning a foreign language has an important consequence: It gives a learner a chance to know his or her own native language better. The thing is that every language is greatly influenced by the peculiarities of a people’s political, economic, religious, cultural and everyday life. Reflection of reality is nationally coloured in the human mind. For this reason, names of one and the same thing and the same idea differ from people to people. For example, an Englishman speaks about a wide difference between things and people, a Russian speaker talks about a deep difference between them. The Russian people want to eat their soup, the English people are hungry and they drink their soup. All these differences are reflected in the languages respectively. If a learner is careless, he or she will make mistakes in the choice of foreign words, and his or her speaking will sound awkward to the native inhabitants of the country whose language he or she studies.
Finally, a learner needs a strong will, ample patience, a good memory plus hard well-organized work. Desire and enthusiasm do not always help. Complete success depends only upon a learner. A passionate learner of foreign languages can master several languages. A second or a third foreign language comes easier and easier to him or to her. Every new language gives the person an opportunity to gain even a greater insight of other people’s life and culture, ideas and conceptions, which may be a very useful skill in itself in today’s global society.
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You can prepare for self-directed language learning by learning language acquisition principles and by discovering your own learning style and implications of that style for the way you will go about learning a second language.
Are there things you can do to prepare for learning a language? We think so. The self-directed language learner can be helped by 
understanding basic principles about language and the language learning process, and by understanding one's own learning style and how that may affect the way one goes about language learning. As part of the LinguaLinks product, SIL has developed materials to help the self-directed language learner prepare for language learning in these ways. Some of these materials are made available here as part of this Web site.
Principal tasks
These are the principal tasks involved in preparing for language learning:
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Discover more about your attitudes and the effect of attitudes on language learning.
Other resources
Here are some other resources in LinguaLinks that are relevant to this topic:
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Suggestions about how to approach language learning in a way that fits your style.
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Strategies language learners can use to make the process work for them.
- Read the experiences of other language learners and see what worked for them.
If you're like some students taking a foreign-language course, you may be satisfied with little more than a passing grade. But if you'd like to earn a top grade — and, more importantly, if you'd like to actually be able to put your language skills to good use eventually — here are some tips that might help you to fully learn.
Although these tips are written for people studying Spanish, most of them apply to those learning other languages as well.
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Learn each concept: Make sure you understand each lesson or unit before tackling the next. In particular, most textbooks and classes take a sequential approach to grammar. If you don't understand how to use direct-object and indirect-object pronouns, for example, you're less likely to understand the concept of reflexive verbs.
Supplement your text with outside materials: Much of this site is designed specifically with that intent in mind, and various other sites and reference books can be used for the same purpose. If your textbook or your teacher doesn't make a concept clear, perhaps a different approach can.
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Expose yourself to your new language whenever you can: Visit Web sites in your new language. Watching movies or videos in your new language can help you learn how words are really pronounced, even if you can understand little at first. Purchase magazines written in your new language. My suggestion for Spanish students is Selecciones, a Spanish-language version of Reader's Digest that is available in editions for the United States, Spain and several Latin American countries. (Editions also are available in about 20 other languages.) It includes articles translated from English (which are usually easier to understand) as well as ones originally written in Spanish. People en español is another possibility and is more widely available, although it is more difficult to read than Selecciones. You may enjoy seeing how some of your favorite magazine ads have been modified to make them more appealing to the U.S. Hispanic culture. Music can also be useful as a learning aid, although you need to be aware lyrics can be frustratingly difficult to understand both because of musical styles and because unusual vocabulary or word order are sometimes used to make the words fit the music. Some artists such as Enrique Iglesias have produced bilingual albums that may include Spanish versions of your favorite music.
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Remember that learning a language is more than an academic exercise: I remember a few years ago when my daughter, then about 10 years old, was with me when I went to the gas station. A Spanish-speaking woman there was having difficulty fitting the gas nozzle into her car, so I explained to her how she needed to use the narrower nozzle made for lead-free gas. My daughter, having witnessed the conversation, exclaimed when I got back in the car, "I didn't know you could use Spanish to talk with people!" Indeed, remembering that learning a language is a way to help us relate to people can be a stronger motivation than mere academics can be.
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Learn correct pronunciation as soon as you can: Poor pronunciation habits can be hard to break, and your efforts to make yourself understandable will be appreciated.
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Plan a trip to where your new language is spoken: One of the biggest motivators I had to working on my Spanish was trips I had planned to Mexico (and later to Guatemala and Peru). My experience has been that people everywhere appreciate sincere attempts to use their language, and even a moderate level of language ability can open up doors that are closed to tourists who have to rely entirely on English. I remember a trip many years ago to the pyramids outside Mexico City. When some mariachis enjoying an informal jam session on top of the Pyramid of the Sun found out I spoke enough Spanish to hold a simple conversation, they wrote down the words to the songs so I could sing along, and then they invited me to join them in a friendly soccer game. That afternoon has become one of my most memorable travel experiences, but it probably wouldn't have happened had I not known the language.
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If possible, converse with native speakers you know: A native speaker can help you with pronunciation and give you immediate feedback. You can also get the opportunity to learn some slang and other colloquial usages that aren't in your textbook.
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Above all, have fun: For most people, learning is inherently enjoyable — watch any preschooler to see how natural learning can be! Look for ways to make language learning exciting, whether it's following one of the above bits of advice or coming up with a creative way of your own.
Hopefully these tips will not only give you the grade you seek, but also provide you with a lifelong skill that will enrich your life.
If you are searching for any of the following topics:
Look no further. You'll find what you're looking for at Open Window Software!
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